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Cancer remains a leading global health concern with nearly 20 million new diagnoses annually worldwide, a number steadily increasing due to aging populations. Common types include breast, lung, and gastrointestinal cancers. Advances in cancer research, including targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and cell therapies, have significantly prolonged survival and improved quality of life, transforming cancer into a chronic condition. However, alongside these advancements, the challenge of tumor drug resistance has become increasingly critical.
Tumor drug resistance refers to the phenomenon where tumor cells within a patient become tolerant to previously effective treatments over time, leading to disease progression. This resistance can stem from pre-existing insensitive cell populations surviving treatment selection or evolve during therapy through genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, and immunoregulatory adaptations.