DynamicImages

Dynamically Generated Graphs: PG Code Snippet

This code snippet shows the essential PG code to include dynamically generated graphs in a problem. Note that these are insertions, not a complete PG file. This code will have to be incorporated into the problem file on which you are working.

For some examples of dynamically generated graphs in tables, see GraphsInTables

Note that in the following we consider first a very simple example that shows the basics of including a dynamically generated graph, and then, below that, a couple of more complicated examples that demonstrate some of the additional features of the graph macros.

Problem Techniques Index

PG problem file	Explanation
loadMacros("PGgraphmacros.pl");	Initialization: We need to load PGgraphmacros.pl. This should generally be loaded before the PGcourse.pl file.
$gr = init_graph(-1,-1,4,4, axes=>[0,0], grid=>[5,5], size=>[400,400] ); add_functions($gr, "x^2/4 for x in <-1,4>" . " using color:blue and weight:2");	Setup: We create a graph object by calling init_graph. Arguments for init_graph are xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax, and then options to modify the characteristics of the graph. The options are, of course, optional. In this case specified options put axes centered on the point (0,0) on the graph, specify that a grid of 5 boxes in both of the x and y directions should be displayed, and give the size, in pixels, of the created image. We add functions the graph with add_functions, which takes as arguments the graph and a list of text strings that give the functions to graph. In this case we only add one function, so there's only one string after the graph object. In every case the text string has the same form: <i>function</i> for x in <i>range</i> using color:<i>colorname</i> and weight:<i>numericalweight</i> The function should be given as a function of x, and should be written with * for multiplication. Thus entering 2*sin(x^2) for function will work, but 2sin(t^2) will not, even if the latter uses "for t in" instead of "for x in". The range specified is given as a mathematical interval: that is, specifying a square bracket ([ or ]) at one end of the interval will result in that point being "included" in the interval by the insertion of a solid circle at the end of the interval; specifying a parenthesis (( or )) will give an open interval, with an open circle at the end of the interval; and, as a special case, using angle brackets (as is done here: < or >) will leave off the open or closed circle entirely. Finally, colorname and numericalweight are what we would expect: the name of the color to graph the function, and the weight of the curve used. The default weight is two, and the default color is black. Other good values for colorname include blue, green, red, gray, and orange. We can specify that images in the web browser's cache not be used by inserting $refreshCachedImages=1; It may be advantageous to use $gr->gifName($gr->gifName()."-$newProblemSeed"); to give graphics files names unique to each problem seed. If you want to increase the number of points plotted, you can access the first function added to the graph and set the number of points to 200 using ($gr->fn)[0]->steps(200);
BEGIN_TEXT $BCENTER \{ image( insertGraph($gr), width=>200,height=>200,tex_size=>800 ) \} $BR (Click on graph to enlarge) $BCENTER END_TEXT	Main Text: Images are included in the text section of the problem with the image command, and insertGraph inserts the dynamically generated graph. The width and height options specify the width and height of the image as it is to be displayed on the web page. They may be omitted to give the default sizes. If they (or the defaults) specify a size smaller than that specified in the init_graph command, it's a good idea to include a note that clicking on the graph will produce a larger version. The tex_size option specifies a scalar multiplier that will be applied to the graph size (as a percent times 10) when the graph is typeset in a hardcopy. Thus tex_size=>800 specifies that the graph will be included at 80 percent of its full size in the hardcopy. To help people who use screen readers, it is helpful to include alternate text for images. For instance, you could use image(..., extra_html_tags=>'alt="graph of an upward opening parabola with vertex x = $x0."').

In addition to this basic graph insertion, we can do more interesting things as well: for example, we can specify the size of the image in the hardcopy that a student can print out, the size of the image when viewed on screen, and extra HTML tags to use when displaying the image on the screen. In addition, there are cases where we want to leave off the default graph labeling, which is also easily done. We can decorate images with labels, lines and points as well.

PG problem file	Explanation
loadMacros("PGgraphmacros.pl");	We include PGgraphmacros.pl, of course.
$gr1 = init_graph(-1,-1,4,4,axes=>[0,0],grid=>[5,5]); $gr2 = init_graph(-1,-1,4,4,axes=>[0,0],size=>[150,150]); $gr2->lb('reset'); add_functions($gr1, "sin(x) for x in <-1,4> using color:black and weight:2"); add_functions($gr2, "2*x for x in <-1,4> using color:green and weight:2", "-x for x in <-1,4> using color:red and weight:2");	To illustrate a couple of different features of dynamically generated graphs, we create two new graph objects in the problem set-up section of the file: $gr1 and $gr2. In either case we specify a couple of options that were omitted in the basic example above. For the graph object $gr1 we add a grid to the image. The grid is specified with a [xgrid,ygrid] list that indicates the number of grid boxes to place along the x and y axes of the graph. Here the range of values along both axes is five units long, so we include five boxes in either direction. As an alternative to a grid, we can instead add ticks along the axes by specifying ticks=>[5,5] instead of grid=>[5,5]. Then, for the graph object $gr2, we explicitly specify the size of the image, in pixels. The default size for dynamically generated images is 200x200 pixels. Next, we remove all of the default labels and tick marks from the graph object $gr2 by calling the lb method to reset them: this is the $gr2->lb('reset') line. And we add functions to all three graphs with add_functions. Note that here we have added two functions to the second graph object.
BEGIN_TEXT \{ image( insertGraph($gr1), tex_size=>250 ) \} $BR \{ image( insertGraph($gr2), tex_size=>250, width=>150, height=>150, extra_html_tags=>'alt="graph of a green ' . 'line through the origin into the first and ' . 'third quadrants and a red line through the ' . 'origin extending into the second and fourth ' . 'quadrants."' ) \} END_TEXT	Then, in the text section of the file, we have made a couple of additional changes. The first is the inclusion of the tex_size=>250 option in the image call. This specifies the scaling percent (250 gives 25%) for the graph in a hardcopy. When inserting graph object $gr2, we specify both the hardcopy scaling and the size to display the image when it is shown on screen. Both of the height and width options give the size in pixels. Finally, for the image call for $gr2, we have included an extra HTML tag to include when the image is shown on the screen. Using extra_html_tags allows us to include any of the options that could normally be included in an img tag in HTML coding. In this example, we specify an alt attribute that specifies alternate text to include. One reason for this might be to give screen-reading software text to render to explain what graph is being shown. It's worth making one more note about this option, which has been broken over a couple of lines to avoid having one very long line on this help page. The short version of the option would be: extra_html_tags=>'alt="alternate text"' To break the text over multiple lines in this example, we have used the Perl concatenation operator . (dot: a period). Note that the use of single quotes to enclose the HTML tag that is being included means that if we wanted to include a variable in the text, we'd have to do some additional concatenation. (Variables are not expanded within single quotes.) For example, suppose that we had graphed the function sin($a*x), where $a is a variable that we defined earlier in the PG file. Then we might have the extra_html_tags call below. extra_html_tags=>'alt="graph of sin(' . $a . 'x)"' It is possible to prohibit the use of cached images by setting $refreshCachedImages=1;

References

Problem Techniques Index

• POD documentation: PGgraphmacros.pl.html
• PG macro: PGgraphmacros.pl

• POD documentation: WWPlot.pm.html
• PG library file: WWPlot.pm