Flash Applets Tutorial
Contents
Flash Applets Tutorial
In this tutorial it is discussed how to create a Flash applet with the interface necessary for inclusion in a WeBWork problem, as well as the construction of the corresponding PG file. We pay special attention to the problem of setting up the functions that define the interface between the applet and the WeBWork page that displays the problem.
This interface relies on communication between ActionScript and JavaScript. Applet developers are responsible for writing the ActionScript code for the interface, while the JavaScript is provided by WeBWork, and is of no concern for problem authors. The JavaScript code, however, defines an interface that the applet is required to follow.
Applets included in WeBWork problems can come in several flavors: the applet may simply display a graph, perhaps with some interactivity, to aid students in visualizing the solution for a problem. It could be used to guide students in the process of finding a solution (in which case it has to "remember" the stage the student is in). Or, in more complex examples, it might require an answer to be entered in the applet, for example by typing it or by manipulating a graphic in certain way.
The complexity of the interface will depend on the purpose and complexity of the applet. In this tutorial, we will start with a very simple example that requires students to enter the answer in a simple problem. We will then proceed to more complex examples.
The examples require ActionScript 3 and have been tested in Flash CS5 (but should work in Flash CS4).
Debugging
Debugging is one of the most challenging aspects of developing Flash applets for WeBWork. The following tools are suggested:
- Firebug and Flashbug are Firefox plugins for debugging JavaScript and ActionScript. Flashbug allows, among other things, to see the output of the
trace()function. - The debug version of the Flash player is required to use Firebug/Flashbug. It can be downloaded here.
DebugBox, an ActionScript class that displays a box where debug messages can be displayed. (Add downloading site).- A "local tester" for the interface. This allows testing the interface whithout having to upload the applet to WeBWork. (Add downloading site)
Note: Even for developers not using Firefox, it may be useful to use the debug version of the Flash player. At least exceptions thrown by ActionScript will cause a popup to be displayed. If using Chrome, it may be necessary to choose the correct plugin in the page about:plugins.
Functions Expected by the Interface
The communication between the applet and the JavaScript code in the WeBWork page uses the ActionScript class ExternalInterface. Using this class, the developer can define callbacks in the ActionScript code to be called by JavaScript, and also directly call JavaScript code from ActionScript.
In this page we do not discuss the details of the ExternalInterface class, but describe the methods that WeBWork expects to be made available by the applet. For implementation details see the examples section.
Functions Called by JavaScript
The JavaScript in the WeBWork page will call functions defined in the applet code to pass information containing problem data and to request the student's answer. The interface also makes it possible to record the state of the applet, reflecting the student's interaction with the applet. This is important, since students may work on a problem, log off, and then log on again, and the applet should be in a state consistent with the previous session.
The names of the functions defined in the applet are not hard-coded by WeBWork. It is possible to configure them in the PG file. The following are the names that have been conventionally used, but developers are allowed to use names of their choice.
isActive():uint. JavaScript calls this function to check if the applet is ready to interact with the WeBWork page. The applet should return a nonzero value to indicate that it has loaded all the data it needs to function properly. JavaScript will repeatedly call this function, with a delay between calls, to give the applet several chances to load. The maximum number of calls is configured in the PG file.setConfig(xmlString). This function is called to give the applet the opportunity to initialize problem data. Typically, a problem is generated in the PG file by randomization, and this information must be passed to the applet. The data must be encoded in a XML string. A deep understanding of XML is not required, since ActionScript makes it easy to read and write XML data. See the documentation of the XML class and the Working with XML tutorial. Suppose, for example, that the problem generates the function [math]x+\sin(x)[/math]. Then,xmlStringcould be<xml><function>x+sin(x)</function></xml>and, in the applet codexmlString.functionwill refer to the string defining the function,x+sin(x).getConfig():String. This function is not actually used by the interface, but may be useful for debugging purposes. It should return aStringcontaining valid XML, representing the configuration data that was passed to the applet by thesetConfig(xmlString)function. The applet might simply keepxmlStringin a variable and return it in this function.
