I am have almost this exact same problem. All images are loading if I am connected to the same network as my Webwork server. If I am connected from outside the network formulas display, but other images such as graphs do not. Instead I get the error Failed to load resource: GET https://webwork.hopkinsschools.org:8443/wwtmp/AP_Calculus/images/26f1a20e-223c-3c7f-b1db-919070383517___2856e0a2-ab6e-3e60-af3c-710f82a5c79c.png::ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT. This occurs in Edge, Firefox, and Chrome.
I've tried implementing the suggestions made already but none of worked.
From sites.conf
$webwork_url = '/webwork2';
$server_root_url = 'https://webwork.hopkinsschools.org';
From localOverrides.conf
$webworkDirs{htdocs_temp} = '/var/www/html/wwtmp';
#webworkURLs{htdocs_temp} = '/wwtmp';
$webworkURLs{htdocs_temp} = 'https://webwork.hopkinsschools.org:8443/wwtmp';
$webworkDirs{equationCache} = "$webworkDirs{htdocs_temp}/equations";
$webworkURLs{equationCache} = "$webworkURLs{htdocs_temp}/equations";
$courseDirs{html_temp} = "/var/www/html/wwtmp/$courseName";
#$courseURLs{html_temp} = "/wwtmp/$courseName";
$courseURLs{html_temp} = "https://webwork.hopkinsschools.org:8443/wwtmp/$courseName";
# Location of MathJax script, used for the MathJax display mode.
#$webworkURLs{MathJax} = 'https://webwork.hopkinsschools.org:8443/webwork2_files/mathjax/es5/tex-chtml.js';
$webworkURLs{MathJax} = "$webworkURLs{htdocs}/mathjax/es5/tex-chtml.js";
This is version 2.16 installed from the virtual machine image.